Situacija druskos rinkoje: kova prieš blogį turi savo kainą

Druskos tiekimo srityje
dirbančioms įmonėms žiemos sezonas tradiciškai prasideda gerokai anksčiau, nei
kalendorinė žiema, o pastaruosius dvejus
metus jis nė nebuvo nutrūkęs, nes situacija žaliavų rinkoje neleidžia
atsikvėpti. Chloridų, skirtų keliams prižiūrėti žiemos metu, stygius jaučiamas
ne todėl, kad išseko pasaulinės druskos atsargos. Druskos yra, tik pasiekiamos
šių gamtos išteklių gavybos vietos
geografiškai gerokai nutolo nuo Lietuvos.
Nuliūdinsime tuos
vartotojus, kurie viliasi, kad netrukus atsivers sienos ir vėl turėsime pigios
druskos keliams iš Baltarusijos. Šis tiekimo šaltinis atkirstas pagrįstai ir,
matyt, ilgam.
Ukrainietiškos techninės
druskos, kuri galėtų amortizuoti embargo, taikomo Baltarusijos gamintojui,
pasekmes, gavyba sustabdyta nuo 2022
metų pavasario, Rusijai užpuolus Ukrainą. Šių metų gegužę ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir Ukrainos parduotuvėse
pritrūko druskos. Donecko regione, kur veikė didžiausios Europoje akmens
druskos kasyklos, vis dar vyksta mūšiai, kovojama dėl kiekvieno žemės
lopinėlio. Pačios kasyklos bei administraciniai pastatai gerokai apgadinti
bombardavimų metu. Laimė, ten dirbę žmonės, kiek mums žinoma, nenukentėjo, nes
gamyba buvo sustabdyta balandžio mėnesį, kai nebuvo galimybės išgabenti
produkcijos nuolat apšaudomu geležinkeliu, o dalis gyventojų pasitraukė į
saugesnes teritorijas.
Kad ir kaip laukiame kuo
greitesnės Ukrainos pergalės prieš agresorių, tenka susitaikyti su tuo, kad
kelias į pergalę nebus trumpas, o atstatyti sugriautą šalies ūkį prireiks ne
vienerių metų. Net ir taikos sąlygomis šiuo metu ukrainietišką druską atgabenti
būtų sudėtinga ir brangu dėl sunaikintos geležinkelių infrastruktūros ir
Baltarusijos teritorija draudžiamo ukrainietiškų krovinių tranzito. Ukraina
savo poreikiams maistinę ir techninę druską importuoja iš Lenkijos, Vokietijos
ir kitų šalių.
Geografiškai netoli nuo
Lietuvos esančios Vokietijos druskos kasyklos nepajėgios patenkinti išaugusių
rinkos poreikių, nes į vokiečius dabar žiūri visa Europa. Vokietijos gamintojai
taip pat neskuba tenkinti Baltijos šalių druskos poreikių, nes, viena vertus,
gamybiniai pajėgumai yra riboti, o, kita vertus, pelningiau tą produktą galima parduoti
aukštesnio kainų lygio šalyse,
pavyzdžiui, Skandinavijoje.
Minėtos aplinkybės
Baltijos šalių tiekėjus verčia gabenti druską iš Afrikos žemyno, todėl jos
savikaina labai didelė. Mums mielai šioje srityje padėtų ir turkai, galintys
pasiūlyti praktiškai neribotą kiekį
jūros druskos, tačiau krovinių gabenimas jūra į mums artimus uostus Klaipėdoje
ir Rygoje, vis vien kainuoja apie 75 EUR už toną. Prie šių kaštų reikia pridėti
muito mokesčius, uostų mokesčius, laivo iškrovimo išlaidas, transportavimo,
sandėliavimo sąnaudas, po to, pakrovimo ir gabenimo pas vartotoją išlaidas. Šio
ilgo kelio rezultatas – druskos kaina, neretai du kartus viršijanti buvusias
įprastas kainas. Tiekėjų bei transportininkų įkainiai, artėjant druskos
naudojimo pikui, didėja kas savaitę, kiekviena nauja siunta vis brangesnė.
Kalcio chloridas,
pasižymintis minimaliu koroziniu poveikiu apdorojamiems paviršiams ir
veikiantis žemose temperatūrose, nuo metų pradžios pabrango iki trijų kartų.
Techninio kalcio chlorido, kuris buvo gabenamas iš Rusijos, importas yra
nutrūkęs, o didžiausi šio produkto tiekėjai Europoje – Lenkija, Suomija,
Nyderlandai –sunkiai patenkina vidaus poreikius, todėl eksportuoja šių medžiagų
labai nedaug. Jau galime pasiūlyti vartotojams kalcio chlorido iš Egipto, tik
dėl didelių gabenimo bei kitų susijusių išlaidų jo kaina gerokai aukštesnė nei
mums įprasta.
Magnio chlorido tiekimas
iš Vokietijos, net esant stabiliai geopolitinei situacijai buvęs netolygus,
dabar visiškai nutrūko. Magnio chlorido telkinius eksploatavo ir Ukraina,
tačiau Poltavos sritis, kur veikė kasyklos, vis dar valoma nuo įsibrovėlių ir
gamyba nėra atnaujinta. Nyderlandai , vieni didžiausių šio produkto tiekėjų, Lietuvai kol kas nieko negali
pasiūlyti, nes pajėgumai riboti, o paklausa nežmoniškai išaugusi. Šis
persiskirstymas iš dalies susijęs ir su Kinijos produkcijai taikomomis
sankcijomis, todėl į Europoje esančius išteklius taikosi ir visi buvusieji
Kinijos klientai, net iš kitų žemynų.
Tokiomis sąlygomis veikia
visos Baltijos šalyse dirbančios druskos tiekimo kompanijos ir tuos pokyčius
jaučia ne tik druskos tiekėjai, bet ir druskos vartotojai. Kova prieš blogį
turi savo kainą.
Kaip galėtume sau padėti?
Pirmiausia, matyt reikėtų nustoti puoselėti tuščias viltus, kad Putinas tuoj
tuoj atsistatydins, ir kad dėl klimato kaitos žiemos su šalčiais ir sniegu
nebus iš viso. Būtų protinga realiai pasiskaičiuoti žiemos sezonui reikalingų
medžiagų poreikį ir sandėlius užsipildyti kuo anksčiau, nelaukiant Šv. Kalėdų,
kai pasirinkimas bus mažas, o kainos labai aukštos. Siūlytume apsvarstyti ir
alternatyvių medžiagų rezervo sukūrimą. Efektyviai kelio paviršių šiurkština
smulki skaldelė, plačiai naudojama Skandinavijoje, taip pat smėlis. Galimybė
šių medžiagų įsigyti gruodžio-vasario mėnesiais labai ribota, jomis taip
reikėtų pasirūpinti iš anksto. Atsižvelgiant į individualius poreikius ir
sandėliavimo galimybes, bet kurias medžiagas ekonomiškiau užsisakyti didesniais kiekiais, neardanti gamyklinių
pakuočių. Toks sprendimas ir tvaresnis, ir ekonomiškai naudingesnis, nes
mažesni perfasavimo ir transporto kaštai, aplinkos tarša. Liaudies išmintis,
kad roges reikia ruošti vasarą, tikrai šioje situacijoje labai pamokanti.

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